According to Ballou (2019), logistics and supply chain management have undergone significant transformations over the years. From its early beginnings as a primarily military-focused discipline, logistics has evolved into a critical business function that encompasses the planning, implementation, and control of the movement and storage of goods, services, and information. The integration of supply chain management has further expanded the scope of logistics, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and coordination among various stakeholders, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers.
One of Ballou's most critical insights is the move away from "fragmented" logistics. Historically, departments like transportation, warehousing, and purchasing operated in silos. Ballou argues for a coordinated management approach According to Ballou (2019), logistics and supply chain