Bhatia recognized that intelligence is not a culture-free construct; it is heavily influenced by cultural background, education, and environment. Consequently, verbal tests standardized on American or British populations often yielded invalid results for the Indian population due to language barriers and cultural differences. To address this, Bhatia constructed a performance test battery—using non-verbal, activity-based tasks—that would be culturally fair, applicable to both literate and illiterate individuals, and standardized on an Indian population.