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The 1980s saw the first tentative steps toward deregulation. However, internal inefficiencies and external shocks led to the 1991 Balance of Payments crisis, where India’s forex reserves plummeted to a level barely enough to cover two weeks of imports. uma kapila indian economy since independence pdf free
: Analyzes the evolution from the early planning era (Nehru-Mahalanobis model) to the post-1991 liberalization and market-oriented reforms. : The book addresses critical issues like poverty,
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